This collection of six case studies is a by-product of a European-focused study that sought to understand the policies focused on children from birth to age 3, whether directly affecting the children or reaching them indirectly through their parents. The study examined the social infrastructure in which the specific "under-3" policies are embedded, or on which they rest. Program and policy exemplars with the potential to alter policy in the United States were selected for this report. The report is organized into six chapters individually addressing the six case study nations of: (1) Denmark; (2) Finland; (3) France; (4) Germany; (5) Italy; and (6) United Kingdom. Each of the cases is organized into four main sections: (1) an overview; (2) general child and family policy; (3) the specific under-3 measures identified and explicated; and (4) context--demography, expenditures, political and economic forces. In each case report, a final "On the Ground" section offers excerpts from program observations in child care, maternal and child health, and family support services. The appendix section consists of background tables to orient readers to basic facts about the countries detailed and some of their differences. (SD)