The current push for reform in mathematics and science education cannot succeed unless it addresses the critical and persistent issue of equity. This report reviews the literature regarding that issue. Its purpose is to provide a reference tool for those who are working to change educational policy and practice. Part 1 of the review discusses the importance of equity--the moral, social, and economic imperatives for assuring educational success for all students. This section also describes the multiple meanings of the term equity as it is used in the educational literature. Part 2 explores a range of equity issues, from the structure and financing of schools to teacher training, expectations, and classroom practice. Part 3 describes educational strategies designed to broaden student success. The conclusions in Part 4 call for a transformation in the structures of U.S. schooling. (Author/JRH)