This paper reports on a comparative study of mainstream and special school services for pupils with special educational needs in Scotland. The study examined trends in the placement of pupils with Records of Need, considered implications for special schools of serving a changing population, and investigated the capacity of mainstream schools to meet the needs of pupils with significant difficulties. The study involved analysis of integration policy at national and regional levels and case studies of 32 pupils, half of whom were placed in mainstream settings and half in special schools in two regions with contrasting special education policies. Results are reported in terms of service patterns and trends, mainstream services, special school services, teachers and training, and costs. Implications are drawn which suggest that the trend toward increased integration will likely continue, along with: (1) increasing reliance on special units within mainstream schools; (2) continuing support for some special schools; and (3) increasing numbers of children with Records of Needs. Other relevant trends identified include more single tier authorities and devolved school management. (DB)