A discussion of the relationship between national identity and language in Spanish-speaking Latin America focuses on issues concerning indigenous languages, education, and literacy. The sociolinguistic history and configuration Spanish-speaking Latin America are outlined briefly, noting the influences of indigenous populations, non-Spanish immigrant languages, the influx of African-born slaves, and the influence of English. Language policy supporting castilianization and adoption of Spanish as the official language in most countries is also reviewed. Situations in individual countries are examined briefly. A look at the situation in modern Latin America finds a persistence of Spanish colonial influences, coupled with delayed attention to literacy and education, particularly for indigenous populations. It is concluded that while these populations have generally opted for education in Spanish, probably because Spanish is widely perceived as a vehicle of social mobility and political power, marginalization and alienation have grown. It is suggested that greater attention needs to be given to the complex relationship of language and national identity. (MSE)