Frequently, English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) programs for adults use volunteers as primary or auxiliary providers of instruction. Two primary national volunteer organizations and a number of other national organizations support volunteer ESL and basic literacy instruction, and many states have literacy councils that coordinate and provide technical assistance to community-based organizations. Many of these groups also provide literacy instruction for native English-speakers. Instruction is most often individual or provided in small groups. Community sites, workplace settings, residential centers, correctional institutions, and learners' home are used as instructional settings. Adults served by the volunteer programs reflect the diverse population seeking ESL instruction throughout the United States. Instruction tends to focus on oral skills, but also addresses initial literacy skills, and uses a wide variety of materials and instructional approaches. Although volunteer training varies, most is done in small groups and brief pre-service workshops. Training focuses on effective teaching practices, needs assessment, lesson planning, peer practice, and materials selection. Theoretical presentations may also be provided. Volunteer programs often help meet excess demand for ESL instruction, facing challenges similar to those of other ESL programs: limited resources, high turnover, and limited student contact. (MSE) (Adjunct ERIC Clearinghouse on Literacy Education)