An analysis of literature on second language learning identifies four approaches in the literature, each of which can make a unique contribution to the understanding of the second language learning process, particularly as it pertains to limited-English-proficient students. The four approaches are explained and illustrated with examples from the research literature. The approaches are: (1) the foreign language approach, which focuses on explicit classroom learning, especially for older learners; and which views language as a curriculum rather than as an abstract system or creative process with research being theory-driven; (2) language acquisition, which stresses metacognition and interdependence of first- and second language tasks; (3) psycholinguistic, viewing language acquisition as use and development of cognitive processing skills; and (4) sociocultural, which pays particular attention to the social nature of language use and learning. Contains 40 references. (MSE)