This paper examines the language planning efforts of the government of Ecuador and groups representing the indigenous peoples of the country. Government sanctioned policy and practice, as well as the grassroots efforts of the Indian population, both aim to influence language behavior and both have ultimately been directed at social and political goals. Government language planning until recently has sought to unify the diverse nation through Hispanicization and acculturation into the mainstream Spanish-based culture. During the last several decades, Indian organizations have sought to promote indigenous languages and the maintenance of Indian culture through bilingual and bicultural schools and programs controlled by the Indians themselves. Several of the education programs are examined. During the 1980s the government recognized bilingual education, largely due to the increasing political influence of Indian groups. (MDM)