This publication discusses the role of Language Sample Analysis (LSA) in identifying language disorders, providing detail necessary to initiate a focused intervention program, and providing a method for monitoring progress in language intervention. Section 1 provides an overview of the LSA process and types of language disorders, while Section 2 discusses the sampling process in detail. Section 3 describes the transcription process and coding conventions; Section 4 describes analytical procedures that cover various aspects of productive language. A step-by-step review of a case study is included in Section 5. Section 6 reviews the issues and concerns in documenting language disorders in linguistically and culturally diverse populations as well as in children with cognitive, sensory, or motor deficits. Section 7 explains how language sample analysis is applied in the evaluation team process. Appendices contain: (1) the Reference Database, a set of criterion-referenced measures of language performance for children ages 3-13; (2) transcript entry conventions for computer and hand analysis procedures; (3) a list of approximately 50 resources for further information; (4) glossary of terms; (5) information on cost-effectiveness of LSA; (6) sample case studies; and (7) materials on how to meet the needs of linguistically and culturally diverse children. References accompany most sections. (JDD)