This report presents a new synthesis of statistical indicators and research findings on the quality of science and mathematics education in the United States. In more detail than any other report, it addresses the progress made toward the U.S. national goal of ranking first in the world in mathematics and science by the year 2000. It draws on research and statistical surveys supported by the National Science Foundation and other federal agencies, such as the National Center for Education Statistics, to describe changes that have occurred between 1970 and 1990. This report is intended for use by anyone seeking authoritative information about the students, teachers, and school systems involved in science and mathematics education in the United States. The chapters, following a background and summary section, are: (1) "Cognitive Achievement"; (2) "Science and Mathematics Curricula"; (3) "Science and Mathematics Teachers"; (4) "Persistence and Career Choice"; and (5) "Higher Education." Appendixes that constitute nearly half of the document include detailed data tables and technical notes. A list of acronyms and abbreviations, and an index conclude the document. (PR)