The clinical inference process in test interpretation is described so that people can more easily communicate about it, teach it, and learn it. Chapter 1 compares different levels (concrete, mechanical, and individualized) of interpretation of the same test. Chapter 2 offers examples of an often-neglected kind of data necessary for individualized interpretation as it describes test behavior. In Chapter 3, an attempt is made to approximate the frequency of cases where individualized interpretation differs from score interpretation, through a study of a moderate number of cases. The first part of Chapter 4 describes the method of reasoning used in individual interpretation, while the second part of the chapter applies this method to case interpretations. Chapter 5 presents more cases of individualized test interpretation. Chapter 6 discusses the effects of outside constraints (social, organizational, and political) on the inference process. Chapter 7 is a chapter of conclusions. Tests discussed are taken from school examinations, concentrating on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised. Appendix 1 illustrates the sometimes therapeutic effects of testing, and Appendix 2 presents an allegory relevant to testing. Eleven figures and 23 examples illustrate the discussion. Seven tables summarize points about testing, and there is an 80-item list of references. (SLD)