As part of a study on the impact of automation on training, extensive interviews were conducted at two of Fiat's plants, Termoli and Casino, Italy. Termoli, a plant built in the mid-1980s with automation in mind, production of engines and gear boxes was very much integrated by automation devices. Casino produced some individual components but was basically an assembly plant with the highest level of integrated automation in Europe. Data on personnel at both plants confirmed that the majority of workers were not skilled, but a relatively high number of skilled workers were necessary for automation. New training needs arose from the complexity of the new equipment, configuration of the machines, and division of work among workers. Skill requirements were also defined by production goals--flexibility, efficiency, quality, and a better and safer work environment. Three of the jobs most affected by automation were operators, maintenance crew members, and line technicians. Training took place before operations began; a significant portion consisted of formal courses. The study also explored why and how modern manufacturing firms were becoming more learning- than technology-intensive organizations. Formal training was found to be only part of what was required; a great amount of learning could occur only on the job. Learning for high tech operations was shown to be acquired through carefully designed and orchestrated organizational practices. (13 references) (YLB)