This report describes the health status of children and adults in developed and developing countries. Worldwide, life expectancy at birth rose from 47 to 67 years between the 1950s and late 1980s. However, more than 300 million people live in countries where life expectancy is below 50 years of age and 1 of every 10 newborns dies before age 1. In developing countries, UNICEF has led an effort to improve child survival through education, inoculation campaigns, anti-malaria and nutrition programs, and programs that promote oral rehydration therapy and breastfeeding. However, malnutrition has limited the gains in child health. Improved adult health in developed countries reflects lifestyle changes and improved medical technology. In developing countries, unsanitary conditions and the effects of childhood illnesses may perpetuate adult health problems. Urbanization brings new health hazards, and AIDS threatens further health gains, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where 10 million children may be orphaned by the disease by the year 2000. Achieving the goal of good health at low cost, as China and Sri Lanka have, requires strong political and social commitment, especially to improving women's education and ensuring equal access to health care. Lists of 71 references and 32 suggested readings are provided. (Author/BC)