A statistical portrait is provided of private schools in the United States, using the best national data available to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Previously published work is used to give an overview of private schools from 1980-81 through 1985-86. Following an introductory examination of private schools in the United States, Chapter 2 provides estimates and trends. Chapters 3 and 4 synthesize national data on the number and characteristics of private school students, teachers, and other staff. Chapter 5 discusses curriculum, resources, and student outcomes. Chapter 6 reviews national data on parental choice. Chapter 7 reviews upcoming research efforts of the NCES concerning private schools. In 1985-86, private elementary schools and secondary schools accounted for about 25% of all schools, between 12 and 13% of all students, and about 14% of all teachers. Eight of 10 private schools had a religious orientation; 36% were Catholic schools, and about 60% of all private school students were in Catholic schools. Program emphasis varied by school orientation. Seventy tables provide information about the private schools, and 12 graphs further illustrate the discussions. Appendix A contains 20 standard error tables. Appendix B reviews data collection procedures. (SLD)