This report addresses the conditions of at-risk children and builds a case for changing the odds so that they favor such children. The introduction summarizes nearly a decade of education reform efforts related to disadvantaged youth. It underscores the need to intervene early. Four subsequent sections: (1) describe the developmental characteristics of children during the early learning years; (2) contrast environments that support healthy early development and prevent school failure with those that deprive youth of success; (3) define risk in early childhood and clarify ways in which children can be identified as at-risk; and (4) offer recommendations for intervening on behalf of young children. Tables outline a continuum of services, programs, and activities for young children and their families, and a blueprint for action regarding health and nutrition. Profiles of 35 program examples around the nation are appended. A list of 92 references is included. (RH)