An issue of paramount concern is the supply and quality of human resources available for scientific and technological activities of the United States. Science and engineering (S&E) personnel are vital in meeting challenges in areas such as scientific research, education, technological competitiveness, and national defense. The growing demand for scientists and engineers, in combination with the current decline in the college-age population makes it essential that every available source of personnel be developed. However, women, racial and ethnic minorities, and persons with physical disabilities have historically been underrepresented among scientists and engineers. A clear and factual picture of the situation and trends in participation is very important to rational and effective policy formation. This volume, the fifth in a series, is designed to provide the essential information to the U.S. Congress, the Administration, and others concerned with the overall strength of U.S. science and engineering and the provision of equal opportunities and equal treatment for women and minorities in this area. Specifically examined are: (1) the population of women scientists and engineers including employment characteristics; (2) the experiences of women in science and mathematics at all educational levels; (3) the differing experiences and characteristics of Blacks, Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics in the U.S. science and engineering population; (4) minority experience in U.S. educational institutions; and (5) the employment characteristics of persons with physical disabilities in the U.S. science and engineering population. Appendices include technical notes and statistical tables. (CW)