Volunteers and voluntary organizations are crucial to the literacy effort throughout the world. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are ideal channels for direct involvement of the people in literacy efforts. NGOs often directly carry out the teaching of reading, writing, and numeracy programs; government efforts usually involve such organizations. Voluntary action in the field of literacy appears to have a maximum effect in three kinds of situation: (1) when an NGO is inspired by the exceptional dynamism of an individual and when the team of volunteers who work directly under the supervision of such a personality follows his/her example; (2) when a government demonstrates its political will by launching a national campaign involving the community of NGOs; and (3) when volunteers combine economic activity with literacy activities. Any substantial reduction of illiteracy is possible only when there is close collaboration between official, formal structures and the people's involvement through voluntary participation. Similarly, the quality of the work can only be satisfactory when there is a link between volunteers and professionals. Volunteers are required to have high skill levels and should be regarded as professionals. They should receive training, and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization is able to offer such assistance. (KC)