A basic technical framework is provided for the design and use of mastery tests. The Mastery Testing Project (MTP) prepared this framework using advanced mathematics supplemented with computer simulation based on real test data collected by the South Carolina Statewide Testing Program. The MTP focused on basic technical issues encountered in using test scores for making decisions regarding individual students. The initial overview of the project includes abstracts of the 17 papers included in this compilation. They are: (1) "A Nonrandomized Minimax Solution for Passing Scores in the Binomial Error Model" (H. Huynh); (2) "Bayesian and Empirical Bayes Approaches to Setting Passing Scores on Mastery Tests" (H. Huynh and J. C. Saunders); (3) "A Class of Passing Scores Based on the Bivariate Normal Model" (H. Huynh); (4) "An Empirical Bayes Approach to Decisions Based on Multivariate Test Data" (H. Huynh); (5) "A Comparison of Two Ways of Setting Passing Scores Based on the Nedelsky Procedure" (J. C. Saunders and others); (6) "Budgetary Consideration in Setting Passing Scores" (H. Huynh); (7) "Computation and Inference for Two Reliability Indices in Mastery Testing Based on the Beta-Binomial Model" (H. Huynh); (8) "Accuracy of Two Procedures for Estimating Reliability of Mastery Tests" (H. Huynh and J. C. Saunders); (9) "An Approximation to the True Ability Distribution in the Binomial Error Model and Applications" (H. Huynh and G. K. Mandeville); (10) "Adequacy of Asymptotic Normal Theory in Estimating Reliability for Mastery Tests Based on the Beta-Binomial Model" (H. Huynh); (11) "Considerations for Sample Size in Reliability Studies for Mastery Tests" (J. C. Saunders and H. Huynh); (12) "Statistical Inference for False Positive and False Negative Error Rates in Mastery Testing" (H. Huynh); (13) "Relationship between Decision Accuracy and Decision Consistency in Mastery Testing" (H. Huynh and J. C. Saunders); (14) "A Note on Decision-Theoretic Coefficients for Tests" (H. Huynh); (15) "Assessing Efficiency of Decisions in Mastery Testing" (H. Huynh); (16) "Assessing Test Sensitivity in Mastery Testing" (H. Huynh); and (17) "Selecting Items and Setting Passing Scores for Mastery Tests Based on the Two-Parameter Logistic Model" (H. Huynh). A discussion of the future of mastery testing is included, and nine appendices expand on the annotated papers. References follow the individual papers, many of which contain tables of study information. (SLD)