This is one of five panel reports that have been prepared as part of the first phase of Project 2061, a long-term, multipurpose undertaking of the American Association for the Advancement of Science designed to help reform science, mathematics, and technology education in the United States. Major sections included are: (1) "Orienting Concepts" (describing systems, change, function, equilibration, carrying capacity and stress, coping/adaptation, conflict/competition, information and feedback); (2) "Biopsychological Principles and Processes" (discussing evolution, heredity and nurture, and psychological processes); (3) "Sociocultural Principles and Processes" (considering sociocultural systems, communication, geography, economics, politics, and international politics); (4) "The Historical Perspective"; and (5) "Questions of Good and Evil" (providing teaching notes). "The Scientific Study of Social and Behavioral Phenomena" (including scientific approach, challenges in the scientific research, methods of scientific investigation, and teaching notes) is appended. The members of the panel and consultants are listed. (YP)