Large differences exist among individuals in their ability to process speech sounds within syllables and words, and this ability is crucial for reading and spelling alphabetically beyond a very elementary level. The conception that speech is made up of segments (phonemes) is natural to those who read and spell alphabetically, but arguably: (1) this conception is not phonetically true; (2) it does not develop spontaneously; (3) it is necessary for reading and spelling beyond an elementary level; and (4) it is part of the difficulty that some people (even some adults) have with reading and spelling. Studies of adult poor readers indicate that segmentation is important for them as well as for children. Segmental conception of speech must be taught at an early age with particular attention to those with learning difficulties, but there is no contradiction in recognizing that segmental analysis and phonics skills are critical while also recognizing that learning to read and spell proceeds in several channels at once. (Six figures are included; 34 references are attached.) (RS)