This chapter presents the history, philosophy, and methodology of instructional development and instructional technology in the Soviet Union. It begins by analyzing the structure of the educational bureaucracy in the USSR and explaining the pathways through this structure through which educational decisions are made, and through which instructional materials are designed. The development of educational technology in the USSR is described, including the major successes and failures of the institutions and agencies involved in Soviet educational technology and instructional development, in particular the work of the Scientific Research Institute for School Equipment and Educational Technology (NII SHOTSO), and the Soviet program of "qualification raising" in institutions of higher education. Russian instructional development models are described, and misunderstandings between American and Soviet instructional technologists are discussed. Finally, the scope and future of Soviet instructional development are considered, and it is suggested that progress will be slow because the system, while impressive, is not very flexible. The text is supplemented by 64 references, 15 in English and 49 in Russian. (Author/EW)