This is the 16th volume in the Critical Issues Series produced by the American Association of School Administrators. The document provides an analysis of the status of mathematics and science teaching and offers suggestions for instructional improvement. It reports on successful practices and offers advice from state education personnel, federal offices and representatives, mathematics and science specialists, and others. Concerns are expressed that high test scores in science and mathematics are neither of the first importance nor are they an accurate measure of good instructional programs. It is emphasized that the elementary school should be the first focus of attention in improving science and mathematics. The nine chapters of the document address: (1) the issues; (2) what schools are doing; (3) curriculum change and program development; (4) assessment (two instruments are included); (5) differential pay for science and mathematics teachers; (6) the use of microcomputers; (7) how partnerships/industry can help; (8) how colleges can help; and (9) federal legislation. (TW)