This research addressed two major issues: (1) equity as it is reflected in the access of students to educational resources; and (2) efficiency as it is reflected in the use of the resources provided for the education of children. The research, which was begun in 1979, was designed to obtain data on the use of resources and the structure of classrooms in elementary schools which were seeking to individualize instruction for their students. School and classroom resources were defined broadly for the purpose of this research to include both human resources--primarily the time of students, teachers, and other school personnel--and material resources, such as books and instructional aids. The major sections of this document present reports on studies of: (1) time utilization and student performance; (2) school expenditures and student achievement; (3) home environment and student achievement; (4) student achievement and the personal characteristics, instructional behaviors and professional beliefs of their teachers; and (5) school resources, home environment, and gain in student achievement in grades 3-5. Findings and conclusions derived from the analysis of data developed by the studies are presented at the end of each section. Data from which conclusions were drawn are present in tables. An appendix contains abstracts of dissertations by graduate students who assisted in various aspects of this research project. (JD)