This workshop collection contains a paper which analyzes the actual and potential income and wealth sources of rural inhabitants, an appendix which discusses the effectiveness of current transfer payment programs in reaching the rural poor, and a reviewer's comments. The paper by Emery Castle and Mark Goldstein describes incomes of rural residents in terms of natural resource endowments, natural resource policies, and aggregate economic activity. Also discussed are necessary conditions for effective public policies, and research issues. Findings indicate that rural areas are inhabited mainly by nonfarmers and that the cost of living declines with the size of the community, that primary industries have provided a declining percentage of employment, that public policy results are mixed, and that the welfare of rural people is closely associated with aggregate economic activity. Goldstein's appendix indicates that many of the current transfer programs only account for the demographic differences between rural and urban poor excluding many rural residents and that any program reforms should account for those differences. Philip Raup's comments applaud the paper's breadth, but suggest a few areas which could be expanded upon, including the entry of rural America into the world market, the low rate of net social return from efforts at large-scale resource development, and others. (PM)