This booklet focuses upon ways in which a teacher can increase the amount of time students apply themselves to learning. Methods are presented for observing how much time students actually spend learning, for identifying which students are off-task, and for selecting teaching methods to increase students' learning time. Contents include information on: (1) current research on time on task; (2) what is engaged time; (3) observation categories; (4) finding observers; (5) setting an observation schedule; (6) preparing the observer; (7) directions for observers; (8) evaluating observation results; (9) how to improve engaged time rates; and (10) effective classroom practices. Appendixes include definitions of observation categories and forms for rewarding student engagement information, plan for observations, and activity occurrence rates. (JD)