This survey of the literature provides a review and synthesis of research findings and current thought on the use of microcomputers by school children. Modes of learning and taxonomies of learning are described, and the results of recent surveys indicating the number of computers in schools and the amount of access by students are reported. Possible types of use are explored, including computer literacy, programming, subject specific uses, word processing, and organizational/thinking skills. Levels of sophistication of computer programs used in education are described, and the "hidden curriculum" of computer use is discussed, including cooperative use, male/female differences, intuitive learning, and attitude toward "right answers." Structured use of courseware is compared with uses of computers that may stimulate creativity. Thirty-three references are listed. (Author/LMM)