The role that women played in 19th century and early 20th century European peace movements is examined. European peace societies in the first half of the 19th century began as small citizen groups inspired by religious indignation. Organized peace societies finally took root during the 1860's. For the first three-quarters of the 19th century, women's peace activism was confined mostly to a Paris association organized by Marie Goegg. Toward the end of the century peace movements were galvanized because of the frightening progress of the arms race. Women participated in the peace movement from the 1890's to 1914 in all possible ways. Organizations were developed by and for women in France and Italy. It was in the field of education that women peace activists labored most persistently. Many women, such as Marguerite Selenka, Anna Eckstein, and Bertha von Suttner, became active in international peace movements, organizing massive women's petition and demonstration campaigns and popularizing the movement. In the 1915 Hague meeting called by women they argued for peaceful means of conflict resolution. (RM)