This is a history of the discriminatory practices that gave rise to affirmative action policies, of the way in which such policies evolved, and of the current law regarding affirmative action. It examines the application of Federal policy to institutions which provide employment and training opportunities, as well as implementation of affirmative action policy by the current administration. Statistical information and opinions of employers and others directly involved in the workings of the policy are included. In general, affirmative action is found to be "a policy marked by pragmatism and compassion," but criticisms are made against the Reagan Administration: the President is called upon to reexamine his position of opposition to affirmative action policies developed and implemented by his predecessors. His stance, it is argued, has had little influence on the courts, Congress, and most Federal agencies, but it has encouraged opposition and decreased the protections of law available to persons discriminated against. Chapters include: (1) History of Affirmative Action; (2) Goals, Ratios, and Quotas; (3) The Reagan Administration Record; (4) The Impact of Affirmative Action; and (5) The Debate over Affirmative Action. Final sections include findings, recommendations, footnotes, and an appendix (a questionnaire on affirmative action practices which was sent to private companies). (KH)