After explaining the development of the conscience, or "superego," as closely related to self-esteem, and produced through experiences with caregivers, this discussion indicates the nature of discipline and differentiates between discipline and punishment. Four principles assumed to operate in the development of conscience are specified. Subsequently, stages of the child's first 5 years are discussed in relationship to the development of conscience. These stages include the periods from birth to 18 months, 18 months to 3 years, and 3 to 5 years. (RH)