As a result of trends toward increasing instead of decreasing population growth in rural areas (as confirmed by the 1980 Census of Population), a sample of 2,752 rural residents from 967 households in 9 West Virginia counties were surveyed in 1981 to gain information that might be useful in public policy, education, and related programs. The sample was a relatively heterogeneous group, representing a broad cross section with respect to socioeconomic characteristics (housewives, students, and retired persons accounted for a relatively large proportion of household members). Although low household incomes were reported fairly frequently, intermediate income levels were more typical, and a substantial number were relatively high. Educational levels among adults varied considerably. Income, education, and household composition were important socioeconomic factors that were related to other characteristics or attitudes of the persons interviewed. Several characteristics tended to vary with location (communities, residences, and individuals); however, a central coal mining county was similar to the southern coal mining counties. The majority of in-migration seemed to be from out-of-state and has become more common during the last 10 years, with more during the last 5 years. (AH)