This research attempts to diagnose the skills required for successful spatial performance in order to provide a theoretical foundation for military training in such tasks as map reading, surveying, and navigation. It is known that successful performance on spatial tasks depends on task requirements (e.g., requisite knowledge, alternative paths to a solution) and the cognitive resources available to the individual (e.g., memory capacity, solution strategies, ability to perform solution operations). Different types of spatial knowledge and their functions in common spatial tasks were investigated and a series of seven studies were conducted, exploring alternative methods for presenting spatial knowledge; differences in individuals' ability to acquire and use that knowledge; and differences in their strategies for acquiring knowledge. The following conclusions were reached: (1) spatial knowledge sources should be selected on the basis of task requirements; (2) simulated navigation should be used as a knowledge source when environmental access is restricted; (3) selection of individuals should be based on task requirements; (4) selection of individuals should be based on basic abilities; and (5) training should be provided for spatial information processing strategies that are appropriate to the individual and the task. (KC)