The manner in which the traditional way of life and the traditional rituals of the Zaramo of Tanzania affect the personality development of Zaramo children and individuals in general was the focus of this preliminary study for an envisioned longitudinal program of research. Data was gathered during 1970 and 1974 in a typical traditional rural Tanzanian village with a population of about 1,000 people. Subjects included most of the Zaramo children between the ages of 6 and 18 years, who were given several projective tests, including the Rorschach and the Wartegg Drawing Test. Products of activities involving "free modelling" and modelling of a man in plasticine were analyzed and music and dance activities of children in different age groups were observed. Additionally, observations of music activities were carried out among 16 school children of the Makonde tribe. Individual chapters of the book discuss (1) the research design, (2) the anthropological background to the environment and the personality development of the Zaramo, (3) the psychological tests and results, (4) the modelling tests and results, (5) music and dance in the life of the Zaramo child, and (6) personality development among the Zaramo. A discussion of personality development in relationship to national development is appended. (Author/RH)