To compare various cognitive treatment approaches for ameliorating difficulties of hyperactive children on tasks requiring sustained vigilance and accuracy, 48 hyperactive boys (mean age 9 years 4 months) were randomly assigned to one of four training conditions: inhibitory control training, attention training, combined training, or control. The combination of attentional and inhibitory control strategies was most effective in enhancing Ss' cognitive performance. Results were interpreted to support the hypothesis that impulse and attention control problems occur concurrently in hyperactive Ss, although remediation in attentional deploying strategies is necessary for enhancing their cognitive performance. Findings further suggest that training solely in inhibitory control is not sufficient for enhancing cognitive performance among hyperactive children. (Author)