Current evidence in the literature is reviewed on the relationship between sex roles and psychological well-being in terms of personality and social behavior dimensions. Limitations of the present data base are identified, such as the correlational nature of evidence, age and gender specificity of findings, failure to consider the personal salience of the variables in question, and the examination of single rather than multiple criterion variables. The androgyny model of health is explored and compared with traditional sex-role orientation. Further studies on the effects of particular sex-role adoptions and sex traits at different stages of the life cycle are recommended. The importance of considering the normative advantages of various sex-role categories and social role adoptions in psychotherapy is emphasized. (Author/KMF)