The extension of the school's role in early education/care is considered here in terms of children ranging from four to eight years of age. The report reviews the historical and philosophical roots of current early childhood practice and the effects of and needs for early childhood programs. In the presence of current financial constraints on education, it has become necessary for early childhood programs to demonstrate positive effects in order to justify any extension of their services. Most research is inconclusive, but there is evidence that certain kinds of programs produce at least short term cognitive gains for both advantaged and disadvantaged children. A review of available research and data leads the author to recommend that schools establish a full day kindergarten program for five year olds, provide supplemental day care for out of school hours, and offer advice and assistance to parents of preschool children. The author cautions that current knowledge may be insufficient to warrant sweeping change and suggests that declining enrollment may provide an opportunity for limited action and needed research in the field. (Author/WD)