Several major issues were raised against intelligence testing by the plaintiffs in Larry P. versus Wilson Riles. It was argued that since California used intelligence tests to ascertain who should be placed in programs for the educable mentally retarded (EMR), and since blacks performed less well on the tests than whites, it was the tests which caused too many blacks to be assigned to EMR classes. Blacks' poor performance on intelligence tests--particularly the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale--was claimed to be due to test bias. The criteria for test bias included the following: items were drawn from the white middle class culture; whites had much more prior experience playing with toys; the language of black children may not have been compatible with that of the test; the race of the examiner may have motivation and affected performance; and the test's standardization sample was basically white. The final objection to the continued use of intelligence tests was that such tests keep the schools from educating black children. (An overview of the evidence presented by the defense is provided). (BH)