A group of voluntarily childless, maried women (N=38) were compared with a group of married women who planned to have children (N=32) and were similar in age, education, and socio-economic background. The two groups were compared on measures of three personality trait clusters which pertained to social adjustment, mental health, and sex-role identity. Findings did not support the expectations, based on the literature, that the voluntarily childless women would be less well socialized, more neurotic, and have poorer feminine identifications than the women who planned to have children. However, the expectation that the voluntarily childless women would be more androgynous in their sex-role identity than the women who planned to have children was borne out by study results. (Author)