The literature on sex-related differences in leadership behavior was reviewed in order to explore underlying factors. Currently there exist several models of male leadership in small groups, but no models of human leadership which represent the experiences of women in same sex and mixed sex groups. Key considerations for constructing such a model were identified, including the following: (1) because of social status women do not have equal access to small group leadership; (2) sex is a diffuse status characteristic which ordinarily results in higher incidence of male leadership in mixed groups and which dictates different strategies for assumption of female leadership; and (3) female verbal and nonverbal style is seen as emotional and deferential, but to adopt the male style is regarded as aggressive and unfeminine. Task performance data indicated that the effects of gender status can be minimized if the woman is recognized as competent to lead and if her leadership behavior is seen as appropriate for her in the situation. In female groups, leadership appears to rotate rather than to become established hierarchically as in men's groups. Research is needed with all female groups and in contexts that minimize the impact of gender role expectations. (DF)