Removal and allotment did much to disorganize American Indian groups, yet the ultimate blow came with the 1934 Reorganization Act, the master-plan for the current reservation system. Following reorganization, there were policies of termination, relocation, and self-determination, all of which contributed to the problem of marginal Indians in urban areas. Pan Indianism emerged primarily as a reaction to the depersonalization and deculturation associated with forced accommodation both on the reservation and in urban areas. The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) was created in 1944, but its effectiveness has been hampered by attempts to work with the existing system. The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) emerged in the 1960's as a reaction to the more conservative NCAI. The identity established by Pan Indianism is especially important for urban Indians, as they are twice removed from traditional life. The objectives of Pan Indianism for urban Indians can be achieved through special education programs involving: development of summer preparatory programs for Indian students and adults anticipating furthering their education; development of academic year tutorial programs for full time Indian students; development of special Indian adult extension programs; development of on-going Indian cultural workshops; establishment of student/tutor companionship programs; and utilization of Native American advisory groups. (JC)