This paper addresses the current need for new, more effective ways of delivering mental health services. It recognizes the need for closer ties between mental health professionals and community groups, which has been met in the past by consultation and education (C and E) groups. But these groups have been hampered by complex social and organizational factors. This paper attempts to identify these obstacles and to examine their implications for the development and delivery of C and E services. It draws on relevant mental health literature, federal documents, and findings from an in-progress study of consultation and education units in four comprehensive community mental health centers (CMHC). Aimed at developing descriptive knowledge about C and E programs, it includes a review of archival records; field observations; and in-depth interviews with CMHC directors and program coordinators, C and E staff, and a purposive sample of direct service workers. (Author/BP)