Utilizing Federal census data from 1960 and 1970, this study provides (1) an overview of the job structure of the entire American economy as of 1970, by arranging the jobs in a new occupational-industrial matrix and ranking them in terms of average annual earnings; and (2) an analysis of the structural factors that distinguish the better from the worse jobs and identifies their relative importance. Part One explores structural arrangements that segment the labor market into jobs at various earnings levels. Chapter 1 provides comparative data from the 1960 and 1970 censuses. Chapters 2 and 3 expand the findings by explicating the institutional arrangements (organizational and bargaining factors) they represent. Part Two, in chapters 4 and 5, analyzes the same data by substituting demographic variables (sex, age, and education) for the structural ones and again comparing the 1960 and 1970 situations; and chapter 6 focuses on job combinations producing various levels of family income, giving special attention to single-earner families headed by women. Part three includes chapter 7, which develops the concept of job shelters (from the risks of competition in the market, unemployment, disability, and old age), and chapter 8, which presents implications for future research and public policy. (EM)