Four case studies were used to illustrate application of panel analysis in sociological research. The panel design requires that (a) identical units be reobserved; (b) identical criteria be employed; and (c) initial and subsequent observations be made at the same times for all units and all criteria. Units may be individuals, qroups (such as families), ecological units, communities or countries. Relaxing the strict definition of panel design, the methods of analysis employed are restricted to questions of intention and action; plans and their realization; expectation and its fulfillment. Attempts to develop systems of social indicators presuppose monitoring, on a periodic basis, not only of the same aspects of life quality, but also the realization of plans and programs and effects of policies. Variables are taken into consideration, such as education level, employment, sex, religion, and qroup orientation. Reasons for changing opinions and for trends in thinking are analysed not only on the basis of the above variables but also in the light of the impact of recent events, economic changes, and exposure to different or new situations and ideas. (JD)