Evidence was found for an ability to monitor during learning the degree of retrievability of the to-be-learned material from memory at time of a subsequent test. Students were given three successive study trials to learn either a list of 60 paired associates or a free-recall list of 60 "unrelated" words. During a fourth study trial, they rated on a 7-point scale how confident they were that they would recall the item on a later test trial. Performance on the subsequent test was a monotonic increasing function of rating for both tasks the slope being greater for paired associates. (Author)