Except for several Human Resources Research Organization studies of the military, no systematic study has been made of the effects of attitudes and incentives on manpower availability. One such study explored the effects of early Army experience in the career orientation of Army recruits and found that early positive motivation for service was inversely related to effectiveness. Another study explored the enlistment recruiting process and found that two-thirds of the potential recruits actually enlisted in the Army but that the occupational options chosen did not adequately match recruit qualifications or Army needs. A third study analyzed career orientation questionnaires of 2,000 Warrant Officer aviators and found that combining items on background, wives' attitudes, career attitudes, and career intentions into a simple composite score produced a correlation of 0.63 with retention vs. departure. These and other studies demonstrate that studies of motivation and incentives can play a significant role in shaping decisions about national policies regarding military service and civilian occupations. With present-day data systems and data processing capabilities, much more can and should be done to continually update knowledge of the effects of motivation on manpower availability. (JR)