This report is organized in two volumes: Volume 1--"Executive Summary," and Volume 2--Main Report and Appendices." Volume 1 explains that the purpose of this study was to identify, review, and assess the literature concerned with postsecondary education of disadvantaged youth for internal validity, external validity, and policy utility. The scholarship in this area fell into two categories: (1) basic research on the variables which affect the entrance, persistence, and achievement of students from disadvantaged environments; (2) evaluative research which deals with the equity, effectiveness, and efficiency of programs designed to counteract the impact of these variables. While basic research has been generally adequate, evaluative research on programs has been commonly deficient in measurement instruments; in the failure to measure effectiveness, efficiency, and equity in terms of immediate program objectives; and in the lack of systematic information and feedback systems. Research on causal variables and evaluative research on compensatory programs has been consistent in identifying lack of basic academic skills and poor study habits as the most powerful limiting factors in equalizing educational opportunities for the disadvantaged. A federally sponsored, nationally integrated competency-based developmental skills program on all levels of education is needed. (Author/JM)