The study determined the relation between specific social factors and situational conditions of poverty and non-poverty heads of households and their orientation toward work. The major hypotheses tested was that respondents affected more by adverse social factors and situational conditions will develop less positive work orientations. Data were obtained from a July 1971 rural manpower survey conducted in 3 low-income counties of south central Virginia. A combination of systematic and stratified sampling was employed. A total of 713 surveys were conducted, covering 2 separate lists of residents in each county: the general population of heads of households, and welfare recipients. The dependent variable of work orientation attitude was measured by 4 tests: (1) life aspirations; (2) work ethic; (3) lack of confidence; and (4) acceptability of welfare. The independent variables were categorized as: (1) life style variables; (2) situational variables; and (3) attitudinal variables. Findings suggested that many persons affected by adverse social problems and situational conditions in fact are willing to work and do have a relatively positive outlook on life. Findings also suggested that some of those who are on welfare do not wish to remain on welfare. The 7 conclusions and recommendations covered such areas as broadening existing work incentives and improving living conditions. (KM)