The author develops a theoretical framework to examine alternative explanations of an aspect of ethnic relations. He considers Negro equality in terms of the social and political structure which makes black/white hostility possible, judging that this structure might indicate an area for change rather than simply defining a state of being. The key factor in this framework is the feeling of social, political competence of an individual or a group as influenced by considerations of personal status. The consequence of loss or lack of status among a large group might be a political, social movement such as White backlash. Using a general theory of the cognitive basis of attitudes, the author derives a statement about White attitudes toward Black equality that takes into account both society-influenced status rivalry attitudes and personal social distance attitudes. By illustrating the theoretical thought processes necessary for determining the methodology, he emphasizes the importance of the values and attitudes that the investigator brings to his topic. (JH)