The scattered reservation segments of a single U.S. or Canadian Indian tribe have often culturally diverged from one another in recent historical times. This divergence is particularly marked in more urban regions, such as California, and among tribes where some of the reservations are near cities. As tribalism has become less important and urban adaptation more important, cities have a differential impact for change according to their distance from the various Indian communities. The most distant reservations tend to be abandoned, to survive as retirement communities, or to turn to a conservative, low-cost-of-living and welfare-dependent adaptation. Reservations closest to the cities tend to develop a pattern wherein residents commute to jobs in the city; these reservations are characterized by population increase and a new sophistication in working with modern bureaucratic politics. (Author/LS)