Traditional literacy and functional literacy programs in Africa are discussed in their various aspects. Emphasis is given to the practical side of the problems, and some guidelines for action are suggested. The illiteracy rate in Africa is shown to be 50% to 80% of the population. The various methods that have been used to teach reading are described, and criticism or objections to each method are given. The aim and content of traditional literacy are discussed and its deficiencies noted. Functional (work oriented) literacy's strengths and weaknesses are presented, and the preparation, implementation, and evaluation of functional literacy programs are described. The differences between the two literacy approaches are pointed out. Organization, financing, and mobilization of funds and forces for adult education programs are suggested. Appendix 1 presents a case study of functional literacy in an African setting; Appendix 2 presents the differences between the adult and the child as learners in a learning situation; Appendix 3 is guidelines for instructors; and Appendix 4 is an article by the author concerning the success of the Mass Education program in Indonesia. Appendix 5 is comprised of 37 references. (DB)