The purpose of this monograph is to examine the major changes that have taken place in the Negro population as they are reflected in census data since 1870. The 1960 Census of Population provides the most recent data used except in Chapter VII where data for 1965 were available. The distribution of the Negro population since 1870 by regions and by urban and rural areas is covered in Chapter I; Chapter II deals with the net migration of the Negro and white populations by urban and rural areas since the 1910 census. The changing employment patterns of Negroes by major occupational groups since 1920 are considered in Chapter III. Changes in eleven major occupational groups are examined by regions in Chapter IV for the periods 1940 to 1950, and 1950 to 1960. The index developed in Chapter IV is used in Chapter V to examine the gains or losses of Negro employment in detailed occupations at the national level during the two periods covered. Chapter VI deals with changes in the educational level of Negroes and whites. Changes in the marital status of the Negro population and family composition are covered in Chapter VII. The numerous demographic changes over the years are described and analyzed in detail using data in the form of charts and graphs. (Author/JW)