Recent harsh criticisms that educational and psychological tests are unfair and inadequate measures of the capabilities of minority, poverty, and other educationally alienated groups are discussed. The authors suggest that there are two main issues, the first scientific, the second ethical: (1) Is a test a valid measure of the characteristics it purports to assess for particular types of individuals in particular circumstances; and (2) the whole question of test use, beginning with whether or not a test should be utilized for a specified purpose? Responsible standards exist for evaluating the adequacy and appropriateness of a test for a particular use, but they are not always applied. The adequacy of measurement and the question of bias, the appropriateness of test use and the question of fairness, the side effects of testing, the problems of misinterpretation and secondary use of tests, the ethics involved, and the social consequences of not testing are other important topics discussed and analyzed in some detail. (CK)